Minimum acceptable diet in a cohort of children aged between 6 and 15 months: Complementary feeding assessment and associated factors in the Brazilian western Amazon.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of the article was to assess complementary feeding patterns, and associated factors, of children between 6 and 15-month old in Rio Branco-Acre, Brazil, based on the minimum acceptable diet indicator. METHODS: This study was cross-sectional, including 857 children between ages 6 and 15 mo, from a 2015 birth cohort of Rio Branco, Brazil. The prevalence of complementary feeding indicators, minimum meal frequency, minimum dietary diversity, and minimum acceptable diet was estimated based on the recommendations of the World Health Organization. Sociodemographic characteristics, infant and maternal habits, prenatal information, birth characteristics, breastfeeding, and complementary feeding were evaluated. Differences between the proportions were evaluated by the χ2 test and univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses, to determine associated factors with child minimum acceptable diet. RESULTS: The minimum frequencies of meals and dietary diversity were observed in 81.0% and 51.8% of the children, respectively. The minimum acceptable diet prevalence was 47.1%. Also, minimum acceptable diet was inversely associated with C, D, and E social classes (adjusted odds ratio = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.33-0.72), number of living siblings (adjusted odds ratio for two or three children = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.48-0.98, and adjusted odds ratio for ≥ 4 children = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.37-0.84). Maternal regular consumption of fruits, vegetables, and legumes (adjusted odds ratio = 2.62; 95% CI, 1.69-4.05), child age from 12 to 15 mo (adjusted odds ratio = 2.05; 95% CI, 1.32-3.18), and receiving guidance regarding complementary feeding during postnatal consultations (adjusted odds ratio = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.03-1.86) were directly associated with minimum acceptable diet. CONCLUSIONS: Fewer than 50% of the children received adequate food with adequate frequency and diversity. Low socioeconomic status and having ≥ 2 living siblings reduced the chance of minimum acceptable diet, whereas maternal healthy diet, child age (12-15 mo), and complementary feeding counseling during postnatal appointments increased the chance of minimum acceptable diet.

Effect of prenatal care quality on the risk of low birth weight, preterm birth and vertical transmission of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis.

BACKGROUND: Averse birth-outcomes still affect newborns worldwide. Although high-quality prenatal care is the main strategy to prevent these outcomes, the effect of prenatal care based on Kotelchuck index combined with consultation contents is still unclear. Thus, this article to evaluate the effect of the quality of prenatal care (PC) process on birth indicators in a cohort of puerperaes who attended maternity hospitals in Brazilian western Amazon, city of Rio Branco, in the state of Acre, Brazil, in 2015. METHODS: This research was a hospital-based cohort study. The sample consisted of 1,030 women who gave birth in maternity hospitals in the city between April 6 and June 30, 2015. This research was a hospital-based cohort study. The sample consisted of 1,030 women who gave birth in maternity hospitals in Rio Branco between April 6th. and June 30th., 2015. Prenatal care was classified as fully adequate when started ≤4th month; ≥80.0-109% expected consultations for GA according to the Kotelchuck Index; ≥5 records of blood pressure, weight, GA, fundal height, ≥4 records of fetal heart rate, fetal movements or equivalent to 75% of the number of consultations; in addition to recording ABO/RH, hemoglobin, VDRL, urine, glucose, anti-HIV and anti-toxoplamosis during the 1st trimester. The evaluated outcomes were low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth and vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis/syphilis. Differences between proportions were assessed using the X² test, and the crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) (95% CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: Overall cohort, the outcomes incidences were 8.8% for LBW, 9.2% for preterm birth, and 1.1% for vertical transmission (syphilis/HIV/hepatitis). Crude and adjusted OR showed that inadequate PC increased the risk statistically significant of LBW (ORcrude: 1.84; 95%CI: 0.99-3.44; ORadjusted: 1.87; 95%CI: 1.00-3.52), and preterm birth (ORcrude: 1.79; 95%CI: 1.00-3.29; ORadjusted: 3.98; 95%CI: 1.40-11.29). CONCLUSION: The results draw attention to the importance of quality PC in reducing the risks of LBW, preterm birth, and vertical transmission of syphilis/HIV/hepatitis. Moreover, using this proposed quality prenatal care indicator based on Kotelchuck index combined with consultations contents adjusted by GA may accurately predict unfavorable outcomes.

Prevalence of ultra-processed food, alcohol and tobacco consumption and chronic non-communicable diseases in Rio Branco, capital city of the state of Acre, Brazil, 2019: comparative analysis of two epidemiological surveys. / Prevalência de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, álcool, tabaco e doenças crônicas não transmissíveis em Rio Branco, Acre, 2019: análise comparativa de dois inquéritos epidemiológicos.

OBJECTIVE: To describe, in a comparative manner, the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases and ultra-processed food, alcohol and tobacco consumption, estimated by the Chronic Disease Risk and Protective Factors Surveillance Telephone Survey (Vigitel) and National Health Survey (PNS), in Rio Branco, capital city of the state of Acre, Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study on sociodemographic, health and lifestyle data from surveys conducted in 2019. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were described, and percentage difference was calculated. RESULTS: Of the 3,037 individuals assessed, similar prevalence, with difference between Vigitel (60.3%; 95%CI 56.2;64.3) and PNS (70.8%; 95%CI 67.4;73.9) regarding people of Brown race/skin color was found. In the stratification by sex, it could be seen percentage difference between the surveys, regarding obesity (male= 6.5%; female= 0.4%), smoking (male= 4.0%; female= -1.5%) and alcohol abuse (male= 6.9%; female= -2.5%), although with overlapping 95%CI. CONCLUSION: The estimates assessed in both surveys were similar.

Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Adults from Rio Branco, Acre in the Western Brazilian Amazon.

This study aimed to assess factors associated with overweight and obesity in adults from Rio Branco, Acre, in the western Brazilian Amazon. This is a cross-sectional, population-based study conducted in Rio Branco, which used data on individuals aged 18 years or older collected by the 2019 National Health Survey. Software R version 4.0.5 was used to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity, prevalence ratios, and 95% confidence intervals. Multiple analysis was performed by Poisson's regression with robust variance and hierarchical selection of variables. This study included 1217 adults. The prevalence of overweight was 58.2% (95%CI: 54.7-61.6) and of obesity, 20.1% (95%CI: 17.2-23.4). The factors associated with overweight were arterial hypertension (AdjPR: 1.45; 95%CI: 1.31-1.61), physical inactivity (AdjPR: 1.19; 95%CI: 1.04-1.36), age group (25-39 years, AdjPR: 1.49; 95%CI: 1.10-2.00; 40-59 years, AdjPR: 1.69; 95%CI: 1.28-2.23; 60 years or older, AdjPR: 1.37; 95%CI: 1.01-1.87); and smoking (AdjPR: 0.62; 95%CI: 0.41-0.93). The factors associated with obesity were arterial hypertension (AdjPR: 1.80; 95%CI: 1.41-2.30) and diabetes mellitus (AdjPR: 1.52; 95%CI: 1.08-2.13). Smoking and female sex remained in the hierarchical model for obesity, even without statistical significance. Despite intervention guidelines for these chronic diseases, there is a need for the public recognition of overweight and obesity and their possible associated factors in the Amazon and other regions with similar socioeconomic and demographic characteristics.

Time Trend of Overweight and Obesity in Adults from Rio Branco, Acre, Western Brazilian Amazon (2006-2020).

This study aimed to analyze overweight trend and obesity in adults from Rio Branco, Acre, Western Brazilian Amazon, from 2006 to 2020. This is a time series study, with data from Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (VIGITEL). To estimate annual percentage change (APC) and 95% confidence intervals, the software Jointpoint Regression Analysis v.4.6.0.0., was used. In Rio Branco, overweight prevalence ranged from 44.0% in 2006 to 58.9% in 2020, with a bigger frequency among men than that among women. Obesity prevalence has increased from 12.5% in 2006 to 21.4% in 2020, similar between both sexes. From 2006 to 2020, overweight APC was 5.2% (95% CI: 1.4; 9.1) by 2010, and decreased to 1.3% by 2020. Public policies to control obesity and its risks must be both, implemented as strengthened.

Food Insecurity and Associated Factors in Brazilian Undergraduates during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Undergraduates may face challenges to assure food security, related to economic and mental distress, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to assess food insecurity and its associated factors in undergraduates during the COVID-19 pandemic. An online cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2020 to February 2021 with 4775 undergraduates from all Brazilian regions. The questionnaire contained socio-economic variables, the validated Brazilian food insecurity scale, and the ESQUADA scale to assess diet quality. The median age of the students was 22.0 years, and 48.0% reported income decreasing with the pandemic. Food insecurity was present in 38.6% of the students, 4.5% with severe food insecurity and 7.7% moderate. Logistic regressions showed students with brown and black skin color/race presented the highest OR for food insecurity; both income and weight increase or reduction during the pandemic was also associated with a higher OR for food insecurity, and better diet quality was associated with decreased OR for food insecurity. Our study showed a considerable presence of food insecurity in undergraduates. Policy for this population must be directed to the most vulnerable: those with brown and black skin color/race, who changed income during the pandemic, and those presented with difficulties maintaining weight and with poor diet quality.

Prevalência de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, álcool, tabaco e doenças crônicas não transmissíveis em Rio Branco, Acre, 2019: análise comparativa de dois inquéritos epidemiológicos / Prevalencia de consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados, alcohol, tabaco y enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil, 2019: análisis comparativo de dos encuestas epidemiológicas / Prevalence of ultra-processed food, alcohol and tobacco consumption and chronic non-communicable diseases in Rio Branco, capital city of the state of Acre, Brazil, 2019: comparative analysis of two epidemiological surveys

Objetivo: Descrever, comparativamente, as prevalências de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, álcool e tabaco, estimadas pelo Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel) e pela Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), em Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, sobre dados sociodemográficos, de saúde e estilo de vida de inquéritos realizados em 2019. Foram descritas as prevalências e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%), e calculadas as diferenças percentuais. Resultados: Dos 3.037 indivíduos avaliados, observaram-se prevalências similares com diferença para pessoas de raça/cor da pele parda, entre Vigitel (60,3%; IC95% 56,2;64,3) e PNS (70,8%; IC95% 67,4;73,9). Na estratificação por sexo, diferenças percentuais entre os inquéritos foram observadas para obesidade (masculino= 6,5%; feminino= 0,4%), tabagismo (masculino= 4,0%; feminino= -1,5%) e consumo abusivo de álcool (masculino= 6,9%; feminino= -2,5%), embora com IC95% sobrepostos. Conclusão: As estimativas avaliadas em ambos os inquéritos foram similares.

Objetivo: Comparar la prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados, alcohol y tabaco, según el Sistema de Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo y Protección de Enfermedades Crónicas por Encuesta Telefónica (Vigitel) y por la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (PNS), en Rio Branco, Acre. Métodos: Estudio transversal, utilizando variables sociodemográficas, salud y estilo de vida de encuestas de 2019. Se describieron prevalencias e intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%) y se calcularon diferencias porcentuales. Resultados: En los 3.037 individuos evaluados, hubo similitud en la prevalencia, con diferencia en raza/color de piel parda en Vigitel (60,3%; IC95% 56,2;64.3) y en PNS (70,8%; IC95% 67,4;73,9). En la estratificación por sexo, se observaron diferencias porcentuales entre las encuestas para obesidad (hombres= 6,5%; mujeres= 0,4%), tabaquismo (hombres= 4,0%; mujeres= -1,5%) y abuso de alcohol (hombres= 6,9%; mujeres= -2,5%), pero con IC95% superpuesto. Conclusión: Las encuestas arrojaron estimaciones similares.

Objective: To describe, in a comparative manner, the prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases and ultra-processed food, alcohol and tobacco consumption, estimated by the Chronic Disease Risk and Protective Factors Surveillance Telephone Survey (Vigitel) and National Health Survey (PNS), in Rio Branco, capital city of the state of Acre, Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on sociodemographic, health and lifestyle data from surveys conducted in 2019. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were described, and percentage difference was calculated. Results: Of the 3,037 individuals assessed, similar prevalence, with difference between Vigitel (60.3%; 95%CI 56.2;64.3) and PNS (70.8%; 95%CI 67.4;73.9) regarding people of Brown race/skin color was found. In the stratification by sex, it could be seen percentage difference between the surveys, regarding obesity (male= 6.5%; female= 0.4%), smoking (male= 4.0%; female= -1.5%) and alcohol abuse (male= 6.9%; female= -2.5%), although with overlapping 95%CI. Conclusion: The estimates assessed in both surveys were similar.

Breastfeeding patterns and factors associated with early weaning in the Western Amazon.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize breastfeeding patterns in the first six months of life and factors associated with early weaning in a birth-cohort in Rio Branco, state of Acre. METHODS: This is a prospective study with all babies born between April and June 2015. The mothers were interviewed soon after birth and between 6 and 15 months postpartum. At hospital discharge, breastfeeding was defined as exclusively (EBF), and breastfeeding (BF). In the follow-up, breastfeeding patterns were exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), predominant breastfeeding (PBF), and breastfeeding (BF). The interruption of breastfeeding in the first six months was classified as early weaning. The Kaplan Meier method (log-rank: 95%) was used to estimate the conditional probability of change in breastfeeding pattern, and early weaning risk. Crude and adjusted proportional Cox regression models, and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), were used to analyze the factors associated with early weaning. RESULTS: The study included 833 infants in EBF (95.4%) and BF (4.6%) at hospital discharge. During the first six months of life, the infant likely discharged in EBF remaining in EBF, becoming PBF, and BF, were respectively 16.4%, 32.3%, and 56.5%. The weaning likely at six months was statistically higher for infants discharged in BF (47.4%) when compared with those discharged in EBF (26%). Factors associated with early weaning were BF at hospital discharge (HR = 1.82; 95%CI 1.06-3.11), no mother cross-breastfeeding (HR = 2.50; 95%CI 1.59-3.94), pacifier use (HR = 6.23; 95%CI 4.52-8.60), less than six months of breastfeeding intention (HR = 1.93; 95%CI 1.25-2.98), lack of breastfeeding in the first hour of life (HR = 1.45; 95%CI 1.10-1.92), and pregnancy alcohol consumption (HR = 1.88; 95%CI 1.34-2.90). CONCLUSION: Compared to infants in EBF, those in BF at hospital discharge were more likely to wean. Public health efforts should prioritize EBF at hospital discharge, promote breastfeeding in the first hour of life, and prevent alcohol consumption risks during pregnancy, cross-breastfeeding and pacifier use.

Breastfeeding patterns and factors associated with early weaning in the Western Amazon / Padrões de amamentação e fatores associados ao desmame precoce na Amazônia ocidental

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To characterize breastfeeding patterns in the first six months of life and factors associated with early weaning in a birth-cohort in Rio Branco, state of Acre. METHODS: This is a prospective study with all babies born between April and June 2015. The mothers were interviewed soon after birth and between 6 and 15 months postpartum. At hospital discharge, breastfeeding was defined as exclusively (EBF), and breastfeeding (BF). In the follow-up, breastfeeding patterns were exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), predominant breastfeeding (PBF), and breastfeeding (BF). The interruption of breastfeeding in the first six months was classified as early weaning. The Kaplan Meier method (log-rank: 95%) was used to estimate the conditional probability of change in breastfeeding pattern, and early weaning risk. Crude and adjusted proportional Cox regression models, and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI), were used to analyze the factors associated with early weaning. RESULTS: The study included 833 infants in EBF (95.4%) and BF (4.6%) at hospital discharge. During the first six months of life, the infant likely discharged in EBF remaining in EBF, becoming PBF, and BF, were respectively 16.4%, 32.3%, and 56.5%. The weaning likely at six months was statistically higher for infants discharged in BF (47.4%) when compared with those discharged in EBF (26%). Factors associated with early weaning were BF at hospital discharge (HR = 1.82; 95%CI 1.06-3.11), no mother cross-breastfeeding (HR = 2.50; 95%CI 1.59-3.94), pacifier use (HR = 6.23; 95%CI 4.52-8.60), less than six months of breastfeeding intention (HR = 1.93; 95%CI 1.25-2.98), lack of breastfeeding in the first hour of life (HR = 1.45; 95%CI 1.10-1.92), and pregnancy alcohol consumption (HR = 1.88; 95%CI 1.34-2.90). CONCLUSION: Compared to infants in EBF, those in BF at hospital discharge were more likely to wean. Public health efforts should prioritize EBF at hospital discharge, promote breastfeeding in the first hour of life, and prevent alcohol consumption risks during pregnancy, cross-breastfeeding and pacifier use.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Caracterizar os padrões de amamentação nos primeiros seis meses de vida e fatores associados ao desmame precoce numa coorte de nascidos vivos em Rio Branco, Acre. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo com nascidos vivos entre abril e junho de 2015. As entrevistas com as mães ocorreram logo após o nascimento e entre 6 e 15 meses pós-parto. Na alta hospitalar, o aleitamento foi definido em exclusivo (AME) e materno (AM). No seguimento, os padrões de amamentação foram AME, aleitamento materno predominante (AMP) e AM. A interrupção da amamentação nos primeiros seis meses foi classificada como desmame precoce. Utilizou-se o método de Kaplan Meier (log-rank: 95%) para estimar a probabilidade condicional de mudança no padrão de amamentação e risco de desmame. Os fatores associados ao desmame e seus intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram analisados pela regressão proporcional de Cox bruta e ajustada. RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 833 lactentes que na alta hospitalar estavam em AME (95,4%) e AM (4,6%). A probabilidade do lactente em AME na alta hospitalar permanecer em AME, ou se tornar AMP ou AM, aos seis meses, foi de 16,4%, 32,3% e 56,5% respectivamente. A probabilidade de desmame aos seis meses foi estaticamente maior para lactentes em AM na alta hospitalar (47,4%) em comparação com aqueles em AME (26%). Mostraram-se associados ao desmame precoce: o AM na alta hospitalar (HR = 1,82; IC95% 1,06-3,11), ausência de amamentação cruzada praticada pela mãe (HR = 2,50; IC95% 1,59-3,94), usar chupeta (HR = 6,23; IC95% 4,52-8,60), pretender amamentar por menos de seis meses (HR = 1,93; IC95% 1,25-2,98), não amamentar na primeira hora de vida (HR = 1,45; IC95% 1,10-1,92) e consumir álcool na gestação (HR = 1,88; IC95% 1,34-2,90). CONCLUSÃO: Comparados aos lactentes em AME, aqueles em AM, na alta hospitalar, apresentaram maior probabilidade de desmame. Esforços em saúde pública devem priorizar o AME na alta hospitalar, promover amamentação na primeira hora de vida e orientar sobre os riscos do consumo de álcool na gestação, amamentação cruzada e uso de chupeta.

Tendência temporal da mortalidade em idosos em municípios no estado do Acre / Temporal trend of mortality in old people in cities in the state of Acre

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a tendência temporal da mortalidade na população de idosos em municípios selecionados das cinco regionais de desenvolvimento no estado do Acre, Brasil. Método Estudo descritivo, ecológico de séries temporais, que utilizou dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM), no qual foi selecionado o universo de óbitos ocorridos em idosos, registrados nos municípios acreanos de 1996 a 2015. Foram calculadas as taxas de mortalidade brutas e ajustadas por idade, utilizando o método direto e a população mundial como referência. Para a análise das tendências, foi realizada a estimativa da variação percentual anual da mortalidade com nível de confiança de 95% pelo software Joinpoint Regression Program. Resultados A tendência da mortalidade geral apresentou-se decrescente em Rio Branco e com oscilações nos demais municípios investigados. As principais causas de óbito foram as doenças do aparelho circulatório, respiratório e neoplasias. Em Rio Branco, as taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por idade nas doenças do aparelho circulatório reduziram 2,26% (p<0,001) ao ano e as neoplasias apresentaram tendência crescente e constante com uma variação anual de 1,02% (p=0,010). Conclusão O estudo mostrou evidências de polarização epidemiológica, geográfica e social no comportamento das tendências da mortalidade. Rio Branco, a capital do estado, apresentou padrões semelhantes aos das regiões desenvolvidas brasileiras. Por outro lado, os demais municípios apresentaram consideráveis oscilações nas tendências que podem estar relacionadas à elevada proporção de causas mal definidas. Esses achados podem auxiliar no planejamento de ações estratégicas e sugestões de hipóteses para novos estudos.

Abstract Objective To analyze the temporal trend of mortality in the old people population in selected municipalities in the five regional development areas in the state of Acre, Brazil. Method Descriptive, ecological study of time series, which used data from the Mortality Information System (SIM), in which the universe of deaths occurred in old people, recorded in the cities of Acre from 1996 to 2015 was selected. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates were calculated using the direct method and the world population as a reference. For the analysis of trends, the annual percentage change in mortality was estimated with a 95% confidence level using the Joinpoint Regression Program software. Results The general mortality trend was decreasing in Rio Branco and with fluctuations in the other municipalities investigated. The main causes of death were diseases of the circulatory, respiratory and neoplasms. In Rio Branco, mortality rates standardized by age in diseases of the circulatory system decreased by 2.26% (p<0.001) per year and neoplasms showed an increasing and constant trend with an annual variation of 1.02% (p=0.010). Conclusion The study showed evidence of epidemiological, geographical and social polarization in the behavior of mortality trends. Rio Branco, the state capital, presented similar patterns to those of the developed Brazilian regions. On the other hand, the other municipalities showed considerable fluctuations in trends that may be related to the high proportion of ill-defined causes. These findings can assist in the planning of strategic actions and hypothesis suggestions for further studies.

Infant mortality trend in the city of Rio Branco, AC, 1999 to 2015.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the trend of infant mortality in Rio Branco, state of Acre, from 1999 to 2015. METHODS: An ecological observational study of a time series, in which data from deaths from the Information System on Mortality and Births of the Information System on Live Births were used. The annual percentage change was estimated using the Joinpoint software. RESULTS: The infant mortality rate decreased from 26.99 in 1999 to 14.50 in 2015 per 1,000 live births, with an annual percentage change of -4.37 (95%CI -5.4- -3.4). When stratified by age components, the neonatal period presented an annual percentage change of -4.73 (95%CI -5.7- -3.7), and the post-neonatal period was -3.7 (95%CI -5.4- -2.0). Avoidability, avoidable causes and poorly defined causes showed a downward trend throughout the period and causes not clearly preventable showed an upward trend until 2008. The group of causes that contributed most to the infant deaths during the period studied was perinatal diseases, followed by malformations, infectious and parasitic diseases, and respiratory diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the decreasing trend in infant mortality rates in the capital compared to developed countries, it is relatively high.

Infant mortality trend in the city of Rio Branco, AC, 1999 to 2015 / Tendência da mortalidade infantil no município de Rio Branco, AC, 1999 a 2015

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Analyze the trend of infant mortality in Rio Branco, state of Acre, from 1999 to 2015. METHODS An ecological observational study of a time series, in which data from deaths from the Information System on Mortality and Births of the Information System on Live Births were used. The annual percentage change was estimated using the Joinpoint software. RESULTS The infant mortality rate decreased from 26.99 in 1999 to 14.50 in 2015 per 1,000 live births, with an annual percentage change of -4.37 (95%CI -5.4- -3.4). When stratified by age components, the neonatal period presented an annual percentage change of -4.73 (95%CI -5.7- -3.7), and the post-neonatal period was -3.7 (95%CI -5.4- -2.0). Avoidability, avoidable causes and poorly defined causes showed a downward trend throughout the period and causes not clearly preventable showed an upward trend until 2008. The group of causes that contributed most to the infant deaths during the period studied was perinatal diseases, followed by malformations, infectious and parasitic diseases, and respiratory diseases. CONCLUSIONS Despite the decreasing trend in infant mortality rates in the capital compared to developed countries, it is relatively high.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a tendência da mortalidade infantil em Rio Branco, AC, de 1999 a 2015. MÉTODOS Estudo observacional ecológico de série temporal, em que foram utilizados dados de óbitos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade e Nascimentos do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos. Estimou-se a variação percentual anual por meio do software Joinpoint. RESULTADOS A taxa de mortalidade infantil reduziu de 26,99, em 1999, para 14,50, em 2015, por 1.000 nascidos vivos, com variação percentual anual de -4,37 (IC95% -5,4- -3,4). Quando estratificada por componentes etários, o neonatal apresentou variação percentual anual de -4,73 (IC95% -5,7- -3,7), e o pós-neonatal de -3,7 (IC95% -5,4- -2,0). A evitabilidade, as causas evitáveis e as causas mal definidas apresentaram tendência descendente em todo o período e as causas não claramente evitáveis apresentaram tendência ascendente até 2008. O grupo de causas que mais contribuiu para os óbitos infantis no período estudado foi o das afecções perinatais, seguido pelo das malformações, das doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, e do grupo das doenças respiratórias. CONCLUSÕES Apesar da tendência decrescente da taxa de mortalidade infantil na capital, quando comparada à de países desenvolvidos, mostra-se relativamente elevada.

Conhecimento de merendeiros sobre segurança dos alimentos, em pré-escolas atendidas pelo PNAE, no município de Rio Branco - AC / Knowledge of food security workers in pre-schools attended by the PNAE in the municipality of Rio Branco - AC

Estudo descritivo transversal foi realizado nas escolas de ensino infantil de Rio Branco-Acre. Utilizou-se um instrumento semiestruturado em quatro blocos com o objetivo de colher informações demográficas e avaliar o conhecimento, atitudes e práticas dos manipuladores de alimentos. Os resultados demonstraram que 93,3% dos manipuladores eram do sexo feminino, com idade superior a 31anos (63,3%) e concursados (90,0%). Em relação ao tempo de exercício na função 66,7% estavam há menos de um ano na função. Observou- -se que o escore de conhecimento apresentou resultados abaixo do satisfatório (59,12%), as atitudes foram consideradas satisfatórias (84,75% de acertos). O escore de práticas apresentou 70,17% de acertos. Foi possível concluir que, mesmo apresentando pouco conhecimento, os merendeiros demonstram atitudes e práticas com resultados satisfatórios. Os manipuladores parecem ter suas atitudes guiadas por um conhecimento empírico adquirido por meio da experiência.

Determinantes ambientais e não-ambientais da transmissão do plasmódio na paisagem urbana amazônica e suas consequências clínicas: estudo de base populacional em Mâncio Lima, Acre / Environmental and non- environmental determinants of plasmodium transmission in the Amazonian urban ladscape and its clinical consequences: a population- based study in Mâncio Lima, Acre

Este estudo avaliou as mudanças ambientais da paisagem urbana deum município com alta incidência de malária na Amazônia brasileira(Mâncio Lima, Acre) e sua relação com a doença, com o objetivo deprover evidências de que a transmissão do Plasmódio é causada pelomodo como os seres humanos interagem com o meio-ambiente. Foramefetuados três estudos populacionais consecutivos, entre 2012 e 2013,com 1260 indivíduos, com identificação do plasmódio por microscopiae técnicas moleculares. Casos de malária foram analisados medianteum questionário clinico. O estudo entomológico envolveu 8 inquéritostransversais com coleta de formas imaturas em 90 corpos d’água, bemcomo avaliação espacial desses dados. Os resultados mostraram quea transmissão de malária na área deveu-se em grande parte a criaçãode tanques de piscicultura, que elevaram em cerca de 10 vezes aprodutividade de imaturos de Anopheles darlingi, e à grande mobilidadeda população, que se desloca para áreas de maior transmissão (comoárea ribeirinha e rural) e retorna infectada para a área urbana. Foramidentificados casos de portadores assintomáticos do Plasmódio, emboraem pequena quantidade. Os fatores associados a ausência de sintomas(infecção assintomática) foram o sexo e o tempo da última malária.Em pacientes sintomáticos, a frequência dos sintomas se relacionoucom idade, número de malárias previas e parasitemia. A concentraçãogeográfica dos casos deveu-se em parte a características socioeconômicasagregadas no espaço, em conjunto com fatores ambientais comopresença do vetor, visto que o uso infrequente de mosquiteiro associousecom a incidência maior de malária(AU)

This study evaluated the environmental changes of the urban landscapeof a municipality with a high incidence of malaria in the BrazilianAmazon (Mâncio Lima, Acre) and its relation with the disease, in orderto provide evidence that the transmission of Plasmodium is causedby the way humans interact with the environment. Three consecutivepopulation studies were carried out between 2012 and 2013, with1260 individuals, with plasmodium identification by microscopy andmolecular techniques. Malaria cases were analyzed using a clinicalquestionnaire. The entomological study involved 8 cross-sectionalsurveys with collection of immature forms in 90 bodies of water, aswell as spatial evaluation of these data. The results showed that thetransmission of malaria in the area was largely due to the creation offish tanks, which increased the immature productivity of Anophelesdarlingi by around 10 times, and the great mobility of the population,which moves to areas of greater transmission (as riverside and ruralarea) and returns infected to the urban area. Cases of asymptomaticPlasmodium carriers have been identified, albeit in small numbers.Factors associated with absence of symptoms (asymptomatic infection)were the sex and time of the last malaria. In symptomatic patients, thefrequency of symptoms was related to age, number of previous malariaand parasitemia. The geographic concentration of the cases was due inpart to aggregate socioeconomic characteristics in space, together withenvironmental factors such as vector presence, since the infrequent useof mosquito nets was associated with a higher incidence of malaria(AU)

Determinantes ambientais e não-ambientais da transmissão do plasmódio na paisagem urbana amazônica e suas consequências clínicas: estudo de base populacional em Mâncio Lima, Acre / Environmental and non- environmental determinants of plasmodium transmission in the Amazonian urban ladscape and its clinical consequences: a population- based study in Mâncio Lima, Acre

Este estudo avaliou as mudanças ambientais da paisagem urbana de um município com alta incidência de malária na Amazônia brasileira (Mâncio Lima, Acre) e sua relação com a doença, com o objetivo de prover evidências de que a transmissão do Plasmódio é causada pelo modo como os seres humanos interagem com o meio-ambiente. Foram efetuados três estudos populacionais consecutivos, entre 2012 e 2013, com 1260 indivíduos, com identificação do plasmódio por microscopia e técnicas moleculares. Casos de malária foram analisados mediante um questionário clinico. O estudo entomológico envolveu 8 inquéritos transversais com coleta de formas imaturas em 90 corpos d’água, bem como avaliação espacial desses dados. Os resultados mostraram que a transmissão de malária na área deveu-se em grande parte a criação de tanques de piscicultura, que elevaram em cerca de 10 vezes a produtividade de imaturos de Anopheles darlingi, e à grande mobilidade da população, que se desloca para áreas de maior transmissão (como área ribeirinha e rural) e retorna infectada para a área urbana. Foram identificados casos de portadores assintomáticos do Plasmódio, embora em pequena quantidade. Os fatores associados a ausência de sintomas (infecção assintomática) foram o sexo e o tempo da última malária. Em pacientes sintomáticos, a frequência dos sintomas se relacionou com idade, número de malárias previas e parasitemia. A concentração geográfica dos casos deveu-se em parte a características socioeconômicas agregadas no espaço, em conjunto com fatores ambientais como presença do vetor, visto que o uso infrequente de mosquiteiro associouse com a incidência maior de malária.

This study evaluated the environmental changes of the urban landscape of a municipality with a high incidence of malaria in the Brazilian Amazon (Mâncio Lima, Acre) and its relation with the disease, in order to provide evidence that the transmission of Plasmodium is caused by the way humans interact with the environment. Three consecutive population studies were carried out between 2012 and 2013, with 1260 individuals, with plasmodium identification by microscopy and molecular techniques. Malaria cases were analyzed using a clinical questionnaire. The entomological study involved 8 cross-sectional surveys with collection of immature forms in 90 bodies of water, as well as spatial evaluation of these data. The results showed that the transmission of malaria in the area was largely due to the creation of fish tanks, which increased the immature productivity of Anopheles darlingi by around 10 times, and the great mobility of the population, which moves to areas of greater transmission (as riverside and rural area) and returns infected to the urban area. Cases of asymptomatic Plasmodium carriers have been identified, albeit in small numbers. Factors associated with absence of symptoms (asymptomatic infection) were the sex and time of the last malaria. In symptomatic patients, the frequency of symptoms was related to age, number of previous malaria and parasitemia. The geographic concentration of the cases was due in part to aggregate socioeconomic characteristics in space, together with environmental factors such as vector presence, since the infrequent use of mosquito nets was associated with a higher incidence of malaria.

[Association between malaria and anemia in an urban area with Plasmodium transmission: Mâncio Lima, Acre State, Brazil]. / Associação entre malária e anemia em área urbana de transmissão do Plasmodium: Mâncio Lima, Acre, Brasil.

The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of malaria-attributable anemia in the urban population of Mâncio Lima, Acre State, Brazil. This was a non-concurrent cohort study of 1,167 persons followed for the three months prior to the interview using data from the SIVEP-Malaria database. Anemia frequency and prevalence rates were calculated in patients with and without a recent history of malaria, according to target variables. 50.2% of the individuals were males, and 67.96% were 15 years or older. Overall anemia prevalence was 7.1%, higher in the 6 months to 5 years age bracket. Some 8.3% of men with a recent history of malaria presented anemia. Overall, prevalence of malaria-attributable anemia was negligible, except in men (2.4%) and the Cobal neighborhood (51.4%). The results showed that anemia prevalence was low and that malaria's contribution to anemia only existed in men and in specific geographic areas.

Prevalence of nutritional deficiencies and morbidity by infectious diseases in children 0-5 years of age in Iñapari in the Peruvian Amazon

Introduction: Iñapari is a town located in Peru, on the border of Brazil, between the Amazonian states of Acre and Amazonas. The local Peruvian children under five years of age present moderate anemia while the percentage of chronic child malnutrition is a major public health problem in the country as a whole. Goals: The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of major childhood morbidities caused by anemia, malnutrition, intestinal parasites, toxocariasis, and hepatitis A, and identify connections with the socioeconomic and environmental conditions found in Iñapari. Methods: Interviews with questionnaires; anthropometric measurements, collection of feces and venous blood samples. Results: A 20% prevalence of anemia and 8.5% prevalence of chronic malnutrition (height for age deficiency) was found. A pathogenic intestinal parasite was noted in 24.5% of the samples, where Giardia intestinalis (14.7%) was the most frequent. The seroprevalence of toxocariasis was 33.8% and hepatitis A was 21.2%. Conclusion: There is a connection between the results found and the poor living and sanitary conditions of the population. The low income noted is also linked to the malnutrition and anemia detected

Stunting in children under five years old is still a health problem in the Western Brazilian Amazon: a population-based study in Assis Brasil, Acre, Brazil.

Despite the process of nutritional transition in Brazil, in some places, such as the Amazon region, stunting is still an important public health problem. We identified the prevalence and factors associated with stunting in children under five years old residing in the urban area of Assis Brasil. A survey was conducted in which a questionnaire on socioeconomic, maternal and children's conditions was applied, and height or length was measured. The children with height for age index below -2 Z-scores were considered stunted, according to the criteria by the World Health Organization. Four hundred and twenty-eight children were evaluated. Of these, 62 were stunted. Factors associated with stunting, according to adjusted models, were: the presence of open sewer, the wealth index for households, the receipt of governmental financial aid and the mother's height, age and education. Therefore, it was observed that family and the mother's characteristics as well as environmental and socioeconomic factors were closely related to the occurrence of stunting in the population studied, and such nutritional disturbance is still a health problem in the Brazilian Amazon.

Stunting in children under five years old is still a health problem in the Western Brazilian Amazon: a population-based study in Assis Brasil, Acre, Brazil / Nanismo em crianças menores de cinco anos de idade ainda é um problema de saúde na Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira: um estudo de base populacional em Assis Brasil, Acre, Brasil

Abstract Despite the process of nutritional transition in Brazil, in some places, such as the Amazon region, stunting is still an important public health problem. We identified the prevalence and factors associated with stunting in children under five years old residing in the urban area of Assis Brasil. A survey was conducted in which a questionnaire on socioeconomic, maternal and children’s conditions was applied, and height or length was measured. The children with height for age index below -2 Z-scores were considered stunted, according to the criteria by the World Health Organization. Four hundred and twenty-eight children were evaluated. Of these, 62 were stunted. Factors associated with stunting, according to adjusted models, were: the presence of open sewer, the wealth index for households, the receipt of governmental financial aid and the mother’s height, age and education. Therefore, it was observed that family and the mother’s characteristics as well as environmental and socioeconomic factors were closely related to the occurrence of stunting in the population studied, and such nutritional disturbance is still a health problem in the Brazilian Amazon.

Resumo Apesar do processo de transição nutricional no Brasil, em alguns lugares, como a região amazônica, o nanismo ainda é um importante problema de saúde pública. Identificou-se a prevalência e fatores associados ao déficit de crescimento em crianças menores de cinco anos de idade residentes na área urbana de Assis Brasil. Um inquérito foi realizado utilizando instrumento semiestruturado sobre características socioeconômicas, maternas e das crianças, e foram aferidas medidas antropométricas. As crianças com índice de estatura para idade inferior a -2 escores-Z foram consideradas com déficit de crescimento, de acordo com os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Quatrocentos e vinte e oito crianças foram avaliadas. Destas, 62 apresentaram déficit de crescimento. Os fatores associados à baixa estatura, de acordo com modelos ajustados, foram: presença de esgoto a céu aberto, índice de riqueza para as famílias, recebimento de ajuda financeira governamental, altura materna, idade e escolaridade maternas. Portanto, observou-se que as características familiares e da mãe, bem como fatores ambientais e socioeconômicos estavam intimamente relacionados com a ocorrência de déficit de crescimento na população estudada, e que a desnutrição ainda é um problema de saúde na Amazônia brasileira.

Insegurança alimentar em famílias com crianças menores de cinco anos de idade, na fronteira Brasil-Peru / Food insecurity in families with children under five years of age on the Brazil-Peru Amazon border

Food and nutrition security is the regular and permanent access to quality food in sufficient quantity. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with food insecurity in households with children under five in the Amazon frontier Brazil - Peru. The study was conducted in 352 households in Assis Brasil (Brazil) and 89 households Iñapari (Peru), finding a prevalence of food insecurity of 40.6 % and 38.2 % , respectively ( p = 0.856 ) . In Assis Brasil, having domicile with wood floors or land increased by 2.47 times the odds of food insecurity compared to cement floors, ceramic or quarry tiles . Belonging to the poorest tertile increased the chance of food insecurity in 6.04 times ( p < 0.001 ), and the increment of each new resident increased by 37 % the chance of food insecurity in the household . In Iñapari, only living in house made of wood or with a wood floor was associated with food insecurity, showing that income is still the main factor associated with food insecurity in the Amazonian borders.

A segurança alimentar e nutricional consiste na realização do direito de todos ao acesso regular e permanente a alimentos de qualidade, em quantidade suficiente, sem comprometer o acesso a outras necessidades essenciais, tendo como base práticas alimentares promotoras de saúde que respeitem a diversidade cultural e que sejam ambiental, cultural, econômica e socialmente sustentáveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados a insegurança alimentar em famílias com crianças menores de cinco anos na fronteira amazônica Brasil - Peru. O estudo foi realizado nos municípios de Assis Brasil (Brasil) e Iñapari (Peru) localizados na tríplice fronteira formada por Brasil, Bolívia e Peru. Dos 441 domicílios com crianças menores de 5 anos identificados, 352 (79,82%) localizavam-se em Assis Brasil, e os demais em Iñapari. As prevalências de insegurança alimentar nos municípios são semelhantes. Assis Brasil apresentou 40,6% e Iñapari 38,2% (p=0,856). Em Assis Brasil, ter domicilio com piso de madeira ou terra aumentou em 2,47 vezes a chance de insegurança alimentar comparado a piso de cimento, tijolo, cerâmica ou lajota. Pertencer ao tercil mais pobre aumentou a chance da insegurança alimentar em 6,04 vezes (p < 0,001), e o incremento de cada novo morador aumentou 37% a chance de insegurança alimentar no domicílio. Este estudo mostra que na região amazônica a renda ainda é o principal fator associado a insegurança alimentar.